Stoning

Human Rights Research Task| Stoning In Iran| Daleen Conradie 11(O)| â€Å"You are a human being. You have rights inherent in that reality. You have dignity and worth that exists prior to law. † Lyn Beth Neylon Definitions Human Rights: Human rights are the basic freedoms as well as rights that all humans are entitled to. These human rights include the right to life, freedom of thought and expression as well as equality. Human Rights Violation: A violation of Human Rights is when someone has been discriminated against or has made it unable for someone to receive their basic freedoms or rights. Cultural Relativism:Cultural Relativism is the principle when someone’s activities and beliefs have to be understood according to their own individual cultures. Religious Relativism: Religious Relativism is the principle when someone’s activities and beliefs have to be understood according to their own individual religions. Stoning In Iran What is Stoning? Stoning is a way o f punishment where stones are thrown at the victim until they die. As a group complete this punishment no one can be held responsible for killing the person. This form of execution can be seen as a form of torture as it is slower than other forms.It is also said to be one of the oldest forms of execution that has been practiced in many areas of the world however most commonly in the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa. There are certain crimes that by the law of the country or community are punishable by death from stoning. If someone is accused and it is agreed by the people in power of the community they are put to death by stoning, even if there is no evidence to support the accusation. If the victim is a male they are buried up till their waste while a female is buried up until her shoulders. They are then thrown with stones by the volunteers in the community.These stones are picked specially to their size as they must be able to cause physical pain without causing death immediat ely. The stoning lasts until the person has died which on average is between 10 to 20 minutes. The family of the victim are forced to watch as well as sometimes take part. It all depends on what the punishment entails. The law of stoning however also allows the person to go free if they are able to escape however this is not always followed as many that escape are then shot. Human Rights Violation: When someone does not allow them to have their human rights it is seen as they treat them as if they are less than human.It creates the sense that they do not deserve respect or dignity. All individuals are entitled to justice, life and physical safety in order to grow in a safe and nurturing environment. There are many ways to violate rights but governments have created laws to restrict the â€Å"crimes against humanity† however individuals as well certain groups of people till break these law for their own selfish reasons. Unfair trial: In cases of stoning the judges are allowed to someone sentence someone to stoning without asking for permission from the government as well as often without proof of the crime.Iran law allows a judge to sentence someone based on their â€Å"knowledge. † This means that someone will be put to death not based on evidence but rather on the feelings of the judge. This means that many cases are unfairly tried. Abuse towards Women: â€Å"Right to life, liberty, and security of person without distinction of any kind, including sex† (Articles 2 and 3 of the UDHR) (http://www. stop-stoning. org/node/10) Most of the victims of stoning are women who have been discriminated due to their statutes, customs or values.In actions that can be seen as violating normal behaviour, women are more likely to be assigned the guilt especially in the cases of adultery. The women in these relationships have a higher chance of being stoned to death while the men will receive less severe or even no punishment. Cultural or Religious Context: In past history, stoning has been seen as tradition in many cultures and religions including Jewish and Greek communities. Stoning now is associated with Islam and Muslim cultures however there is no mention of stoning in these their religion book, the Quran (religious text of Islam. The only mention is implied in the Hadith (narrations concerning the words and deeds of the Islamic prophet Muhammad) when the Prophet Muhammad dealt with the Jewish Law. There have been many debates within Muslim religious communities as well as many people have spoken out against stoning saying it humiliates and defames Islam even though it is not accepted as Islamic Law. Due to this many Muslim nations have now banned death by stoning however there are still many countries that either under law or due to the community still uses stoning as a form of punishment.In Iran many Muslim people believe that stoning can be seen as Islamic however there is no proof to show that this is part of either religion . Effects on Society due to Violation of Human Rights: As there is an unfair treatment the people in the community then become afraid as well as they are unable to prove their innocence due to them being convicted based on a feeling of the judge. The people within the society live in fear and therefore there is then no unity in the community. Friends are lost during stoning as they can be the ones who are throwing the rocks. Women are treated the worse as they are seen as weaker and less important.This means that the word of men over power those of women. If a women is able to prove her innocence yet a man is has evidence to prove she is guilty even if the evidence it is not sufficient, the word from men will be taken and women will be punished. The violation of human rights creates an environment of fear and discrimination. How Violations of Human Rights Restrict the Dignity and Development of Human Beings: â€Å"Dignity is a term used in moral, ethical, and political discussions to signify that a being has an innate right to respect and ethical treatment. † en. wikipedia. org/wiki/DignityWhen someone does not receive their human rights they lose a part of being a human being. Those who violate rights take away something from humans; they do not give them the respect or treatment that they deserve which means that they do not have dignity. It has been taken away from them with no reason. The effect of this is that the person can then live in fear or they do not fully develop as they do not have the basic forms of security. Unfair trials or accusations mean that humans are not treated as equal. They need to have certain material objects or statuses in society in order to receive treatment that they deserve.They are not seen as innocent until proven guilty; they are seen as guilty based on one person’s opinion. When women are abused or seen as less superior they are also not treated as equal. They are discriminated against which can make them feel worthless. This can cause them to be unable to fully grow and develop into independent human beings as they have not been given the opportunity to achieve their full potential. When humans grow up in hard situations they are more prone to making wrong live decisions or they just do what they are told as they have not be exposed to the freedom of making their own choice.Unique cases show how the human spirit can’t always be broken so these people are able to fully develop however if they are never exposed to this hope, to certain human rights, they will conform and live by societies rules even if it mean stoning someone to death. As of 2010, stoning is still practiced in: Saudi Arabia Afghanistan Somalia Nigeria Sudan Iraq Iran â€Å"If cultural and religious practice is protected by the constitution, do you believe that it is then acceptable/ justifiable to practice the specific example you have researched. Certain cultural and religious practices are protected by the const itution as they are protecting the human rights that state one is allowed to practice the religion or culture they chose without being discriminated against. However there has to be a balance between human rights and beliefs as one can’t neglect one of them as they are both protected by the constitution. There have been many negotiations between these two points of view and many religions and countries have reached an agreement. This is not however.Stoning is seen as part of the Islam cultures however it is not stated in the Quran. This means that the cultural and religious point of view is not justifiable as stoning is not a religious practice. Many of the countries where stoning still takes place, such as Iran and Afghanistan, are part of the International Convention of Civil and Political Rights. Article 6 of the ICCPR states that â€Å"in countries which have not abolished the death penalty, sentence of death may be imposed only for the most serious crimes† (http:/ /www. stop-stoning. rg/node/10) Adultery is not a serious crime however people are still executed cause of these crimes as well as they are tortured which is a violation of the Human Rights, ICCPR and the Law of certain countries. If a cultural and religious practice is protected by the constitution it can be accepted to practice it if it is within the boundaries of human rights as human rights are also protected by the constitution. Death by stoning is not a religious practice therefore it isn’t protected by this part of the constitution as well as stoning for the crime of adultery is not allowed according to agreements made.Bibliography Information oregonstate. edu/instruct/anth370/gloss. html en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cultural_relativism wordnetweb. princeton. edu/perl/webwn http://www. iran-e-azad. org/stoning/ en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Human_Rights_(Women_in_Armed_Forces)_Amendment_Act_2007 http://community. babycenter. com/post/a22865769/the_stoning_of_suraya_m. http://rayh arris57. files. wordpress. com/2009/12/human-rights-day. jpg http://science. jrank. org/pages/9933/Law-Human-Dignity. htmlhttp://www. stop-stoning. org/node/13 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Adultery#Stoning en. wiktionary. rg/wiki/human_rights en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Human_rights http://www. quotegarden. com/h-rights. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hadith http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dignity en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rights http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Human_rights http://www. stop-stoning. org/node/10 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Stoning http://www. dhushara. com/book/sakina/stoningetc/stoning. htm Bibliography Information http://www. unglobalcompact. org/aboutthegc/thetenprinciples/humanRights. html http://civilliberty. about. com/od/capitalpunishment/ig/Types-of-Executions/Death-by-Stoning. tm http://www. worldinconversation. org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/freedom. jpg http://meydaan. net/English/showarticle. aspx? arid=133&cid=46 http://answers. yahoo. com/question/ind ex? qid=20100706003525AASKrvg http://hubpages. com/hub/The-Stoning-of-Women-in-Iran-Its-global-impact http://www. nypost. com/p/blogs/capitol/message_for_president_obama_regarding_5uChiwg2KiCzjn7V3OnxyM http://www. unglobalcompact. org/aboutthegc/thetenprinciples/humanRights. html http://www. beyondintractability. org/essay/human_rights_violations/

Bilingual special education

According to Figueroa, January 1999 combination of bilingual education with special education offers an interesting example on what should not happen in educational evolution and reform. In United States there is inconsistent interface between bilingual and special education offering basis for unique form of significant dialogue between United States, Latin America and Mexico on children education that didn’t not thrive in general education programs and who later wind up in special education or remedial classrooms.The main arguments of this article are on psychological and medical underpinnings on current bilingual special education modus in Western Hemisphere that has survived its usefulness. Educational paradigms are the main focus to guide behavior of special educators in achieving learning needs of students with disabilities.Figueroa argues that, this is the time for diminution of the functions of regulations, with significance given on diagnostic and predictive evaluation , stressing on ritualized and detailed system for establishing Individualized Educational Programs with belief on power of drills, contingent reinforcement, skills and enough conditions for actuating high-order mental processes (Figueroa, 324).Figueroa, January 1999 argued that, for the underachievers a different vision and a new skepticism is required for current beliefs and practices in bilingual and special education. For bilingual and special education, educators should increase use of presentations which is recommended as â€Å"do more† principle. Increased use of tests and state-based regulatory edifices should be used. Bilingual and special education offer more interesting strategy on educational reformation.Despite the importance and strength of bilingual special education in United States, it lacks crucial components. There is no theoretical grounding that would serve in explaining and guiding bilingual special education with clear acknowledgment on the thirty year o ld literature and that questions the diagnostic, regulatory, pedagogical and structural foundations of bilingual special education (Figueroa, 326).The article, Critical pedagogy in a Bilingual Special Education Classroom by Goldstein, 1995 explains application of critical pedagogical principles in first and second grade of bilingual special class for Latino children with limited proficiency in English. Teachers of bilingual special education face difficult challenges especially in evaluating learning disabilities. Those ESL students with disabilities are deprived intervention because teachers are reluctant in categorizing them with learning disability.Teachers really struggle with question of examining ESL students and they have to understand the link between ESL students and evaluation for special education. According to Goldstein, 1995 teacher’s assessment on ESL students is wrong. Many students are miscategorized having learning disabilities because of their failure to res pond to instructions they get from teachers (Goldstein, 463). The problem is that skill-based instructions don’t work in most cases and they even result in establishment of learned learning disability.Goldstein argued that, bicultural and bilingual students have signs of learning disabilities not because they have cognitive abnormalities but because of difficulties to adjust to the dominant school culture. Teachers use innovative approach in educating bilingual students which is known as critical pedagogy based on theoretical work. This focuses more on the style of whole-language in teaching literacy. Teachers tailor their lessons on personal lives of students more so on social and economic difficulties they have experienced.She concludes that many students in ESL have no learning disabilities and they negatively respond to instructions they get from their teachers in classroom based on the dominant school culture. The strength of this article is that bilingual students can n ot be evaluated in same way as those native English speaking students. The best way of evaluated ESL students with learning disabilities is by use of wide array of evaluation approaches like standardized testing on phonological awareness with close observation on students in multiple contexts.The weakness part of it is that, this article doesn’t give full information on what should be done to the student thus more research should be done to find most cost-effective and accurate ways of evaluating ESL students. This problem is facing many schools and will continue to grow within United States in those non English Speaking populations (Goldstein, 467). The article, school-based bilingual special education teacher assistance teams by Harris, 1995 discusses establishment of school-based bilingual special education teams mainly on Hispanic school situation located in urban southwest city.Intervention and preferred screening involves identification of problems which students experi ence regularly in classroom, they identify the source of the problem either from teachers, students, environment or curriculum and finds ways of dealing with the problem in regular classroom. This eliminates unsuitable and unnecessary referrals to bilingual special education. Implementation of pre-referral intervention process in which teachers are helped in remediation of the problems should be avoided and help teacher remediate problems experienced by children in classroom.This achieved through team of teachers, other colleagues and school support personnel. Teacher Assistance Teams should be used in selecting peers to facilitate pre-referral problem solving. This team discusses problems facing students and think of any possible solution they develop plan of action which is implemented by referring teachers (Harris, 418). This team decides whether students should be referred to bilingual special education or not.To minimize cases of students being referred to bilingual special edu cation, this pre-referral procedure helps teachers in designing and implementing educational interventions which is effective in the least restrictive environment and regular classroom. For the teachers to ensure that special programs by not using special education as a dumping ground for students with limited-English-proficient it is an imperative that LEP students be thoroughly tested. In each possible formal and informal evaluation process should be applied in determining functioning level of students who are handicapped.There should be more research on development of language and acquisition of second language should be considered with research on cognitive development, neurolinguistic, psychological functioning and bilinguistic (Harris, 424). The article bilingual special education teachers shifting paradigms: complex responses to educational reform by Ruiz and Robert argues on nature and procedure of change among the five main bilingual special education teachers which are att empted in order to transform already existing instructional practices.Change process is affected by three factors namely; more special education training of teachers in teachers’ background with their strong reductionism orientation, change which involves shift in instructional practices and shift in beliefs and they don’t obvious go hand in hand and at the start of stages of collaboration change is most facilitated including practicing members of teachers’ occupational community as agents of change (Ruiz and Robert, 624).Paradigm of shift is a radical change in education system to cater for all students even those with learning disabilities. This helps in transforming people with severe disabilities academically. Programs and service systems which are more responsive to education of people with disabilities are used. Training methodologies and materials for those people with disabilities are used. Joining bilingual special education of those students with disab ilities offer an interesting example on what should not be done in terms of educational evolution and reforms.This article argues mostly on the psychological and medical reinforcement of bilingual special education with teachers shift paradigm to cater for students with learning disabilities. Education paradigm shift is used by teachers to meet needs of these students (Ruiz and Robert, 631). Works Cited Figueroa, Richard, â€Å"Special Education for Latino Students in the United States,† Bilingual Review, Vol. 24, No. 1, 324-327, January, 1999Goldstein, Barbara, â€Å"Critical pedagogy in a Bilingual Special Education Classroom,† Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 28, No. 8, pp. 463-475, October, 1995 Harris, Kathleen, â€Å"School-Based Bilingual Special Education Teacher Assistance Teams,† Remedial & Special Education, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 419-425, November, 1995 Ruiz, Nadeen T. , and Robert Rueda, â€Å"Bilingual Special Education Teachers Shifting Paradi gms: Complex Responses To Educational Reform,† Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol. 28, No. 10, 622-635, December, 1995

What role does the coach play in developing athletes, and what Essay

What role does the coach play in developing athletes, and what importance does the Coach Athlete relationship have on performance - Essay Example The importance of the â€Å"coach-athlete† relationship on performance will also be discussed. Being a facilitator, a coach should ensure that an athlete is focused on improved performance. A coach should create the right conditions that will allow athletes to concentrate on improving their performance (Balague, 1999). Athletes need not be stressed by challenges that may be present in their professional life. They need to concentrate on how they will improve their performance. Concentration is crucial in the success of an athlete’s career. It is the role of the coach to create an environment that will make it easy for athletes to focus on performance (Huber, 2013). Coaches need to eliminate all possible distractions. This phenomenon is psychological in nature because an athlete will hardly concentrate if there are issues that are making it difficult for him to concentrate (Jowett & Chaundy, 2004). It is necessary for a coach to remain focused on his job as a coach. When he concentrates on his roles as a coach, he is able to execute them easily, thus maximizing the potential of the athlete. The coach needs to be in the right state of mind and focus on the athlete. The coach should concentrate on the wellbeing of the athlete (Jowett & Cockerill, 2003). A coach is an athlete’s manager. Control is a crucial in management. As a manager, a coach should have control over the athlete (Jowett, 2003). Control is the ability of the coach to direct, regulate, check, manage and positively influence an athlete. The coach has to make the athlete know that he is in control as his mentor and role model. If the coach is able to control the athlete, the athlete will have a positive attitude towards his own training and performance. Control entails a coach’s authority over an athlete. A coach should let his authority be felt so that the athlete can respect and adhere to the rules set by the coach (Kidman, 2005). As a planner,

Review of the Effects of the Internet on Students Annotated Bibliography

Review of the Effects of the Internet on Students - Annotated Bibliography Example The authors of this article look for the psychological aspects as to why college students are becoming addicted to the internet. They relate internet addiction to a high level of loneliness, in some cases, correlate directly. Much as other authors have stated there is more promoting the internet’s effect on students. The author explains that students who are lonely will seek out connection with strangers without actual physical interaction. However, many of these same students are, also, tremendously depressed. This article approaches the issues associated with college students pertaining to their communication skills and what promotes their internet use. Are college students more dependent on the Internet for academic or social purposes? The author found in the course of the study detailed that more students use the internet for personal or entertainment purposes that for academic or information purposes. In fact, there are a disturbing number of college students who use the internet out of loneliness, seeking attention from strangers in cyberspace. This can be a serious problem, and, potentially, in this day and age, a dangerous one. This article is pointing out that one of the major side-effects of the internet on college students includes its ability to distract students and misguide them on social levels. This source is allows a nice foundation for the history and overall understanding of the topic. This is a prime example of some ways that the internet directly has upon the students in higher education settings. Eldakak, S. (2010). Does Applying Ethics in Education Have an Effective Impact in the Classroom?. Online Submission, The author is interested in determining if the easy access to information that the internet allows has negatively impacted the ethics that once existed in the classroom. With education sometimes now entirely available online, that isolation and lack of supervision could be negatively affecting students ability to resist cheat ing or plagiarism. How can anyone be certain that the person that is supposed to taking a test is actually taking that test? In truth, at the moment, you cannot. Also, there is he consideration of what technological devices that the students may bring with them allowing them to cheat, like a cell phone and the like, which can sometimes be unfamiliar with the student’s cheating. This source is helpful in reviewing this topic because it verifies that there is a lapse of ethics that are being nudged, if not crossed, because of the freedom of information that the internet provides. The fact that the internet and our attitude towards it can become irresistible as a tool to cheat or plagiarize definitely indentifies itself as a large affect that it is having on college students. Englander, F., Terregrossa, R. A., & Wang, Z. (2010). Internet use among college students: tool or toy?. Educational Review, 62(1), 85-96. doi:10.1080/00131910903519793 This article explores how students pe rceive the internet. Is it a tool? Is it a toy? Unfortunately, it

The history of North American frontiers from the ninth century to the Term Paper

The history of North American frontiers from the ninth century to the opening of the nineteenth - Term Paper Example In spite of the blood, cruelties and military conflicts, the North American frontier is a great contribution into the modern American culture. In the earliest years the Appalachian mountain range was considered the American frontier. In such a way it was possible to set the borders between civilization and wilderness. The independence of America enabled moving people across the frontier more freely. Therefore, a modern context of different institutions’ development implies an important role of the nation’s change. The laws of American development underline a cyclical advancement of the country along a constantly changing frontier line. On the example of the development of American nation in different historical periods it is shown the way nation managed to cope with inner and outer conflicts, referring to their dignity, strength, self-dependence and the absence of the governmental regulations. The difference between the frontier line of America and the frontier line of other countries is the following: the other countries knew their boundaries and they knew which countries were beyond these boundaries. The North America frontier underlined the unknown land beyond it. In accordance with Calloway: â€Å"†¦fertile valleys, meeting friendly people bedecked in turquoise, and hearing wondrous accounts of the towns to be found in the north† (p. 133). As far as we can see, the diversity of the North frontier is evident. The nature of the diversity can be found in the first settlers’ necessity to deal with natural challenges and remain self-sufficient. The main challenges happened nearly 10,000 years ago, with the corn’s cultivation (Calloway, 2003). The sedentary agricultural societies were shaped and there is an evident overlap of different nations occurred. In the process of development of large chiefdoms the ritualized religion was advanced. With furth er advancement of exchange economies, the chiefdoms grow surplus crops. It cannot be claimed that this system was dominant over hunting/gathering. The New Indians were adopting new strategies of economies and political organizations adoption. The earlier Mesoamericans led to vast cultural and religious. Moreover, in accordance with Calloway native groups are involved into challenged relations with animals. The animals’ rearing was the core element of Indians’ lives shaping. Thus, the main emphasis is made on eco organic relationships. Calloway finds surprising parallels in the relations of the earliest settlers Indians and further relations between Indians and Europeans, Indians and Americans. Indian-European relations across North America were developed as a genuinely comparative synthesis. Further on, relations between Indians and Europeans have changed from inner conflicts among different tribes to the conflicts between the representatives of completely different na tions. It was possible for people living in the frontier to overcome different barriers, because they supported their strong individuality. Thus, this tendency is contributing much to the development of the American mentality. The advancement of the northern frontier was mediated in the sixteenth century by the criollos (Spaniards born in America), mestizos and allied Indians (Calloway, 2003). This fact may be considered as a serious contribution into the modern economy of America. The process of settlement was not involving

Juvenile Sex Offenders consequences Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Juvenile Sex Offenders consequences - Thesis Example These punishments include incarceration in proper prisons, as opposed to juvenile hall. The crimes that these sex offenders commit are no less hideous than the ones committed by adults, so the consequences should be no less harsh. More rules and laws regarding juvenile sex offenders need to be set down so that all sex offenders are tried in the same way; young or not, they are still committing a horrible crime. When they are left off with just a talking to, their behavior is almost being condoned, allowing the juveniles to be unaware of their mistakes. Young sex offenders are not getting the punishments that they need to change their ways. If they are not stopped in their tracks now, they will only become worse as they get older. They will be under the impression that what they are doing is not too bad, due to the lack of decent punishment, and continue to do it. This sort of mind frame can only worsen the longer a person allows it to strengthen. While prisons might be too problematic for juvenile sex offenders, there are still other options that can be decided and used against these young offenders. Better to get them off of the streets before they cause unfixable

VIRTUAL WORLDS, VIDEO GAMES &GAMES Research Paper

VIRTUAL WORLDS, VIDEO GAMES &GAMES - Research Paper Example It does mean that a great number of relationships are built on false ideas about the other, the identity created in order to support an ideal that the user has defined. The following paper will take a look at the identity of the user in relationship to social identity theory and in the way in which gender is utilized as an aspect of play. The paper first explores the nature of the created identity through examining the development of the avatar. The gaming avatar is the virtualized visual element that represents the online created identity. This includes the aspect of gender which is explored through the choices that are made and the reasons behind those choices. Finally, sexuality and the representation of the created identity as a shield to the real identity are discussed. This creates a discussion about how the online created identity reflects and also does not reflect the real self through social identity theory and a variety of other theories that have an impact on the topic. The use of the examples of Second Life and World of Warcraft to provide for two different types of games will round out the exploration of this paper. The final discussio n will include ideas of gender, sexuality, and the created online identity in order to form an analysis of the phenomenon. The avatar gives the individual the opportunity to define themselves through choices that are consciously made rather than imposed. The individual can become whomever they choose in the context of the game while using the tools that are provided in order to create the sense of identity that is intended within the game environment. The online game identity is a pure creation in which only what a person chooses to show will be revealed. This is not to say that elements of the true self will not come through, but it does mean that there is a great deal of control through which the development of the identity can be

Summary of (How and Why) Athletes go Broke Essay

Summary of (How and Why) Athletes go Broke - Essay Example Ismail Rocket admits that he has lost millions of dollars out of total ignorance. Athletes tend to invest in highest-caliber private deals no more than 1 in 30 of which every works out as advertised. Conservative spending seems like a boring idea to the athletes. Instead, they prefer investing money in inventions, nightclubs, and other innovative ideas with a thrill of tangibility. The inflatable raft invention that Hunter invested $70,000 about five years ago was one such trap. The investment partner asked Hunter to invest up to $500,000 more. Upon Hunter’s refusal, the investment partner vanished along with the original money. Much money is lost when athletes attempt to sell their possessions at a much lower than justified price in urgency to make up for other losses they are incurring. An example is provided by Muhammad who after having his music company sued offers his 8,200 sq. foot lakeside estate with unique features for a price that is $800,000 lesser than his original demand. Athletes get into sports at such an early age that they miss out on colleges and are not formerly equipped with the knowledge of finance and accounting. Neither have they much sense nor much time to get into the intricate details of their financial matters. Saving and growing money requires very critical decisions that cannot be made without careful assessment of the pros and cons of each option. Lack of awareness about the industry standards robs athletes. Athletes give their financial matters in the hands of novice and often unfaithful friends and family members in their attempt to assist their friends and family members financially. They are careless and irresponsible in distribution of authority to others regarding their own financial matters. In 2001, Strickland asked his dad who was a retired lieutenant colonel in the Air Force to look over a real-estate deal in Georgia that was on sale for $1.8 million but whose price had been appraised by $3 million. His father clea rly wasn’t capable of making the right decision and consequently, Strickland had to far overpay for the piece of land than what it was worth. Most players don’t know how well they are doing because their financial matters are entirely in the hands of others. Many of the people they trust are actually frauds. Kirk Wright, the fund manager of Atlanta hedge was convicted on 47 fraud and money laundering counts and he had more than eight NFL players in his client list. Overpaying is common among athletes. A former major Dominian Republic leaguer who got his financial matters taken care of by an adviser he had trusted for 18 years paid $5,000 on two cars’ insurance monthly while Hunter could get away with paying only $250 a month for three cars. Divorce is the worst thing that can happen to an athlete financially. Pro athletes have a high divorce rate. Half of their net worth is routinely lost in divorce proceedings. The fact that most divorces happen in retirement a fter termination of the peak earnings period complicates the matters further. Athletes have a much lower prenups percentage compared to nonathletes that are at the same economic level. Calling off nuptials cost Dikembe Mutombo $250,000 when just a day before marriage, Michelle Roberts refused to sign a premarital contract. Children and aversion to family planning are additional family related causes. Athletes are

To what degree should organizations depend on the analysis of large Case Study

To what degree should organizations depend on the analysis of large databases and other IT resources to formulate basic strategy - Case Study Example Information technology is more often seen to be a tool that is used in making decisions. The type of technology that is in question will determine the types of decision making approach that is being adopted in an organization. With databases and data mining now being adopted widely for many organizations, it is now easier to adopt information technology while making important decisions (Browman 1998). Senior managers are adopting the use of information technology in making very important decisions. Decision making partially relies on the available information and functions that supports the process. For instance, when the objectives of management are absent mainly due to lack of sufficient information, the basis of search will be destabilized. If information search is not done, there will be limited information for comparison thus leading to undesired results (Kueh 2008). The type of information that is required at different levels of management varies. For instance, senior managemen t need information to aid them in business planning, a more detailed information is essential for middle level management to assist them in monitoring and controlling of day-to-day running of the business, and lower level management where majority of the employees lies only require information that will help them administer their duties (Nobel 2010). It is through organization decision making processes’ complexity information system has been categorized as per the level in which it is addressing. Executive information system is meant to assist top level management is making strategic decisions. The role of this system is collecting, analyzing and summarizing of both internal and external information that can be of benefit to the organization. The Executive Support System does more of analyzing data and tool modeling, for instance, â€Å"what if†; this will thus lead them into making a good strategic decision for their organization (Nobel 2010). Information technology

Organizational Behavior Final Research Paper Assignment

Organizational Behavior Final Research Paper - Assignment Example Decision-making in an individuals life is based on perception. Perception in human beings is a process by which an individual interprets their sensory impressions so as to give meaning to their surrounding. Organizations face problems that need an individual employee or the entire top management to make a decision on what option to undertake. According to Ehrgott (2011), decisions in an organization lies in a situation like what marketing strategy to employ, what suppliers to adopt, who to hire and what new investments to make. Decisions are made all the way from the top management to the general staff of the organization. Decisions can be done as an individual or as a group of people, Ehrgott (2011). Modern technologies are changing how decisions are being made in organizations. Grant (2011) says the despite the involvement of technology in decision making in an organization, and the human being always makes the final decision after considering the options presented by decision support systems. The current decision-making trends in 21st-century organizations are RAPID and rational decision-making. Rational decision-making is widely used in many global organizations since it uses facts and statistics to come up with the next decision to choose, Grant (2011). Grant (2011) continues to say that facts for decision-making are reliable due to the highly sophisticated statistical software they use to generate them. Rational decision-making is an analytical process that makes fact-based decisions. The systematic process of decision making in most organizations nowadays is done through the decision support system. According to Stephen (2005), decision support systems are used for problems that are not well specified or less structured for mostly the upper-level managers. DSS incorporates knowledge-based systems that analyze organizational data to create a best case scenario for

Comparisons of Bill Gates and Steve Jobs Essay Example for Free

Comparisons of Bill Gates and Steve Jobs Essay I think the decisions of both Bill Gates and Steve Jobs were unethical and wrong. To start with, they were both dropouts of college. Bill Gates was a drop out of Harvard University and Steve Jobs dropped out of Berkley University. Steve Jobs was adopted where as Bill Gates had his original family. Steve Jobs was a very odd man, to say the least. He was a hippie in the early days of his life. He did drugs such as acid. Bill Gates was a very plain boring person. He loved to play poker and was a very wreck less person in his actions. Steve Jobs did not develop the original ideas of Apple; instead, Steve Wazniack was the original inventor of the Apple Computer. Both Bill Gates and Steve Jobs went to MITS wanting to test out the Altair, the owner of MITS gave both Steve and Bill a Altair unit, Bill had to talk the owner into giving him one though because Bill wanted a $4,000 signing bonus. Bill Gates goes to IBM and offers to license them an operating system called DOS, little did IBM know that they did not even have it yet, IBM is willing to buy a license to DOS. Therefore, Bill Gates buys DOS from a Seattle worker for $50,000; when the worker hears that he is willing to give him $50,000 dollars, his jaw hits the floor, and he sells it right away. Steve Jobs is a giant jerk to his employees. He makes them work 90 hours weeks, screams, and yells when they do not accomplish a huge task on a small deadline. He made an employee so mad one time that the employee jumped up and slammed Jobs’ face off the wall. Bill gates on the other hand, is a very caring person when it comes to his employees, he is afraid to over work them and gives them lots of vacation time. Both men are married and have children. Steve Jobs’ tried to deny that he was the father of his first-born daughter Lisa. The Apple Lisa was named so because of her.

Personal Reflection Essay Example for Free

Personal Reflection Essay Personal Reflection I will begin observing the environment through nurture and nature in developing our self concept. Self concepts are the realization of experiences gathered from history and the future in how people were, and who he or she aspires to be. Studies demonstrate that people look to society for suspicions, trust, and an accepting of what to expect from situations in society. For example, the way we intermingle and what society believes he or she is supposed to adhere to. In the social world it is our mind-set about the world, and the part we play effects our dealings. The social influences of an individual are viewed acceptable in guiding the self’s behavior. The concept of self is broken into three components; self efficacy, concept, and our self-esteem. After reviewing these concepts it becomes clearer in appreciating who I am, and my place in society. I can share my own experiences that have contributed to my social development. It gives me more knowledge and confidence of myself. Self The way we recognize ourselves defines who we are. Self concept relates to how we categorize our features and roles we see when viewing our self. A better definition of oneself is how we interrelate; the interactions influence and lead our behavior. The self concept correlates to three theories: self perception, self presentation, and dissonance theory (Myers, 2011). Self perception is how one determines their actions of other situations environmentally, persona, and approach. Our self perception allows us to witness an individual’s poor attitude; the individual can see how his or her behavior and situation relates to the manner. He or she can inspect his or herself from the outside world, deciding on values of how the individual retorts to circumstances. Self presentation presents consistency. One does not want to be or prove foolishness and inconsistent. The scrutiny of inconsistencies is a person showing artificiality and behaving as a hypocrite. However, the actions assist in giving good wisdom, which reveals the reality of us. In cognitive dissonance this shows how an individual is motivated to retain consistencies with his or her self’s cognition. The theory illustrates an individual who can sense anxiety and a need of synchronization when two ideas are incompatible (Myers, 2011). When an individual tries to validate their actions by defending it, he or she will not be amenable to correcting his or her self; demonstrating that the self is becoming consistent with actions without remembering past values. The theory is similar to the notion of self persuasion, although self perception illustrates why individuals compare his or herself to other individuals (Myers, 2011). Self Concept, Self-Esteem, and Self Efficacy I am viewed in three different aspects of life. The three perspectives explain my behavior on how I see my persona, physical self, self beliefs, and objectives, and exchanges within society. One of the first concepts is self concept. This is how the self sees his or herself in the social world. In present studies of the exact self and opposites of hopelessness are the relationships of self concept. When we are true to ourselves it provides the meaning of life. The way we see ourselves establishes our experiences of social life. I observe myself as a mother, an individual, and a friend. I hold a set of standards by setting goals, and following through with good examples that my children will follow. I rely on my friends and family for advice on adequate behavior as well as dealing with events in my life. I learn from others experiences but also link them to my own version of how situations should be dealt with. We are products of our own environment, and as I become older I expect that I will always love, know, and appreciate myself. The second concept is self-esteem that pertains to our confidence. This concept is more than thinking of one’s self, but a normalcy of our own aptitude. Self-esteem is something we all have; however, some can become the victims to grovel (Buhrmester, Blanton, amp; Swann, 2011). As I think of my self-esteem and reflections of holding my head up, not listening to others hypocritical words, and I am capable of meeting requirements; shows that I am far from perfect. However, I am comfortable with the person I am. Self-esteem is one who’s able to know and recognize who he or she is when the world is cruel and mean. The last concept is self efficacy. Self efficacy is being able to complete task that someone else can do, but he or she can do it better and more quickly. In addition there is acknowledgment of appraisal for a job well done. Self efficacy is also how a person thinks, believes, proceeds and is goaded to complete the task. It is important to the individual how well we execute in comparison to others; if we are competent and can accomplish objectives. Self efficacy is also the ability to take on new task and be successful at that. For example, my ability in obtaining a degree from UOPX to get to my ultimate goal and it contributes to myself concept and self-esteem (Myers, 2011). Social Experiences or Events of Personal Development As I reflect back on my life there were many incidents and many people who influenced me. I have been on my own as of the age of 18 and began my life as a mother at the age of 21. Once I had my first daughter I realized I could define myself and my part in society. I was no longer an individual, just a friend, or daughter. Becoming a mother was to me this life fulfilling prophecy and fueled me to want more out of life. In this stage of my life as a single woman raising a child motivated me to become a better person. My other three girls have led me to the second stage of personal development. I was married, but have separated from my husband. I walk away from that marriage with a total of four daughters, and it has given me the ambition to finish college with a degree in Psychology. This finally will put me in a place where I can do what I enjoy and be successful at the same time. I know who I am and where I want to be. This is the role I was meant to play; I am secure and gifted in meeting new people and going new places. I have conquered the element of motherhood, which others look to me for guidance. Each day I put my best foot forward to be better than the day before. Conclusion The environment has a profound impact on what we do and who we are, but the self is how we see ourselves socially and personally. The individual is a combination of his or her self concept, self-esteem, and self efficacy. We rely solely on these aspects of our lives to develop into the individual we will become or aspire to be, knowing who we are aids us in the world. It helps to make our lives easier and maneuver through every day task with ease. My past has given me an inner strength to strive and to change as the world changes. I have matured and become the person I am because I am unique; possessing qualities that make it possible for self actualization.

Organization Culture In Multinational Companies Management Essay

Organization Culture In Multinational Companies Management Essay Multinational companies are facing more challenges when they try to develop a cohesive organizational culture than domestic companies. In this study, several cases experienced from real life examples will be presented. They will be discussed with theoretical framework which allows reader to understand each situation through comparative analysis. The theory of Cultural Management, Cross Cultural Communication Negotiation, Leadership, Motivating people is selected for cross referencing in accordance to the topic of the study. The study focus on two main parts; Part 1: Describe the challenges faced by MNCs on developing a global management, moving forward to identify the key challenges; Part 2: Focus on managing people across borders and cultures implementing Cultural Management concepts and theories (Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions 1980), leadership Motivating theories. The intention of this part is to give a critically discussion on real business situations while being aware of the application of these selected theories. The findings of useful methods for global leaders developing organizational culture will be explained in the conclusion. I will give my personal reflections on how the application of these theories will benefit leaders working in the similar situations in the international business. Part 1 Challenges on developing a global management Organizations are always facing challenges when they are doing business globally. These challenges include the assessment of the environment, managing social responsibility and ethics, communication negotiation across cultures, etc. In the following paragraphs, I will give journal articles related to a real life example that has faced several critical challenges when developing a global management. On 5th March 2012, China Labour bulletin reported a string of press release that there are a total of 27 logged reports of strike and protest from workers across China with the majority group of workers from the industrial/manufacturing and transport sector. The strikes and protests are mainly concerned on low wages, reduction of annual bonus, unreasonable employee layoff, management takeovers and relocations. A related such case is workers at Putzmeister Machinery in Shanghai stages a strike over the unsatisfactory compensation package being offered after the company takeover by SANY Group. Putzmeister Machinery being one of the largest German Manufacturer of concrete pumps has been acquired by Sany Group (one of the largest manufacturer of heavy machinery in China). Workers who are benefitting from the existing European management system and packages cannot accept the sudden implementation changes adapted from the Chinese company. It is believed that SANY has amended the package not in favour to the workers. After acquisition took place, employees who are not from SANY Group are affected by several changed factors both internal and external of the SANYs company policy. The culture which forms the organizational environment requires managers improve their cross-border learning capabilities. Managers from parent-country nationals or host-country nationals cannot ignore local employees needs. Successful leader manager advocate to earn peoples loyalty and trust by learning their different cultures, they also try to help employees to understand what their future and opportunities may have in place. Besides, exercising effective Change Management is necessary for leaders to understand the culture changes. This is because culture does not simply mean understanding who talks with whom, about what, and how the communication proceeds, it means how people encode messages, the meanings they have for messages, and the conditions and circumstances under which various messages may or may not be sent, noticed or interpreted. (Samovar and Porter, 1997) In this regards, the needs to understand the cultural variables are also necessary for Managers of SANY Group to enquire the skill to avoid miscommunication. According to the study from Cameron and Green (2004), the role of a leader in acquisitions is providing situations to the individuals in organization as follows  [1]  : 1. Ensure that the team knows that a change will happen and things will not be the same way they used to. 2. Ensure that the people understand the things that will change, what will stay the same and when will all this happen. 3. Encourage people try to do things in a new way and provide the right environment. Part 2 Managing and motivating people across cultures People from the same culture usually share a common general understanding of right and wrong, acceptable behavior and inappropriate behavior. In multinational companies, staffs are from a variety of national cultures, they have variety cultural backgrounds, this requires managers who are operating in global interdependent market operating in a series of hugely diverse landscapes (Tom Keen, Jim: Leadership Landscapes, palgrave, 2007). Serious misunderstandings may happen when managers cannot understand staffs real needs, values and self-actualization. Managing and motivating people across culture are not only a challenge to large companies but also something applicable to small-scale companies while multinational people are collected together. A reference of a real life example of China Wealth Middle East Machinery which is doing heavy machinery leasing business located in Dubai. China Wealth Machinery Co Ltd is a subsidiary of SANY Group which was founded in 1999. The main core of business is leasing heavy equipment to civil and building contractors. Based in Hong Kong, China Wealth set up a subsidiary branch in Dubai on 2008, which is China Wealth Middle East Machinery (L.L.C) . In China Wealth Middle East Machinery, there are workers from four different countries, China, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan. These workers are employed in various operating position like operators, maintenance engineers, foreman and P.R.O. The company has faced challenge in managing, motivating people from different culture. In a general perspective, there is a similar culture with very few differences among the employees from Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan. However, the difference can be substantial when they are compared with the Chinese culture. Hofstedes study gives comparison between Chinese and Bangladeshi cultures, the results are illustrated as follows, Key PDI: Power Distance IDV: Individualism vs. Collectivism MAS: Masculinity vs. Femininity UAI: Uncertainty Avoidance LTO: Long term orientation LOT LTO: Long term/Short term orientation Figure Comparing China and Bangladesh The chart in Figure 1 shows the comparison of PDI, IDV, MAS, UAI between Chinese and Bangladeshi culture. There is significant similarity between the two cultures in PDI, IDV and MAS where PDI and IDV are exactly the same. In contrast, the great differences between the two cultures come at UAI and LTO. There is distinctive evidence in the relationship among Chinese and Bangladeshi. They have both displayed high power distance in their workplace. Chinese have given more respect for the elderly; it is believed their behavior assembled from the Chinese Confucianism when taught in the younger days during their upbringing. Whereas, even the junior will to embrace with outstanding achievement, they are not able to gain the same respect as the elders. In China Wealth company, all the Bangladeshi operators are younger than the Chinese operators, therefore, they will only take the role as helpers at the beginning even the Bangladeshi has accumulated enough or already have experience. In addition, the Chinese will always command a longer term orientation and a better salary package which is almost double when they are both put on the same position. It can be seen as unfair but is widely accepted in the company. Furthermore, Bangladeshi workers show their high uncertainty avoidance which can be explained that they do not mind the status and acceptance of lower responsibility in exchange for a secured salary. They are easily contented people who do not desire a long term orientation. They can generally accept Salary which is sufficient to cover the basis expenses and support the family back home. On the contrary, Chinese workers need high salary and seek for long term orientation which allow them to spend freely and opportunity for promotion in future. They are risk taker and are ready for any unforeseen event that may or may not occur, they can also take challenges at work. Thus, managers who work as multicultural role on motivation and management blend in different ways. They must consider the entire national and cultural context on a situation-by-situation basis, settle reward system not only rely on money but also search for their interest and satisfaction, means of keeping occupied, status and prestige. It is difficult to judge which type of workers behavior in China Wealth company is right or wrong. Managers should make different job motivation between Bangladeshi workers and Chinese workers according to their different cultures. Part 3 Conclusions In globalization competitive environment, leaders can be expatriates. They need to have multiple competencies to deal with challenges like cross border transaction. I think it is important for them to create new culture initiatives by allowing employees to extent their thinking and actions. Creativity can be one of the useful methods when dealing with multiple challenges. Creativity means doing things from a different way, leaders must learn different culture from people outside the system. Leaders should consider the cultural differences when creating a new culture for the merger or acquisition.( Kuada, 2008), they can enable reward systems, planning and performance management, motivating systems working together to support the objective and preferred behaviour. The leaders job comprises cultural adaptability, leadership experience and technical knowledge, level of authority and autonomy etc. No single leadership style works well in all situations.( Helen Deresky, 2012) Global leaders should broaden their horizons strategically and cross-culturally. Besides, leaders should also try to develop a flexible model what can adapt to local situations then apply around the world.

Roger Angell :: essays research papers

Throughout his tenure at The New Yorker, Roger Angell has received the reputation as one of the best baseball writers ever, though his contributions to the magazine do not stop there. His family likely influenced his decision to join the magazine as both his mother and step-father worked for The New Yorker. This Harvard graduate began his work at the newspaper in 1962 as an editor, but now mostly writes about his passion: baseball. (Weich)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Roger Angell grew up in a less-than-perfect household. His father was unfaithful to his mother, and it was said that it went the other way also. At the age of eight, Angell’s parents divorced. His mother, an editor at The New Yorker, remarried only three months later to her colleague, E.B. White, also an editor. (Angell) Angell lived with his mother and step-father during his childhood. In 1942, he would graduate from Harvard. (Baseballlibrary.com)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Angell began writing for The New Yorker in 1962. It wasn’t so much his knowledge of baseball that made him a great writer, but the fact that he was a fan. His articles were never overloaded with statistics and many would not even include one. His view from a fans perspective forced his articles to focus more on the emotions he felt during the games and how the way the players reacted towards the game. Inside Sports columnist, Richard Ford explained Angell’s writing techniques.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Roger Angell has been writing about baseball for more than forty years — mostly for the New Yorker magazine — and for my money he's the best there is at it. There's no writer I know whose writing on sport, and particularly baseball, is as anticipated, as often reread and passed from hand to hand by knowledgeable baseball enthusiasts as Angell's is, or whose work is more routinely and delightedly read by those who really aren't enthusiasts. Among the thirty selections in this volume are several individual essays and profiles (the Bob Gibson profile, 'Distance,' for instance) which can be counted in that extremely small group of sports articles that people talk over and quote for decades, and which have managed to make a lasting contribution to the larger body of American writing.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Weich) Roger Angell credited his superior writing skills to being given freedom to write about what he wants, how he wants to write.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Angell: ‘I think that instinctively I thought I'd have to trust myself and to report about what I was seeing, what I was thinking as a fan, and not to try to fake it by being knowing about these players and their deliveries and all that stuff which I later learned about.

An Analysis of Frosts Poem Once by the Pacific :: Once by the Pacific Essays

An Analysis of Frost's Poem Once by the Pacific Although "Once by the Pacific" is not one of Frost's most commercial poems, that does not mean that it is not one of his best. It appears quite obvious to me by one read through of the poem that it has an apocalyptic theme to it. Frost uses the first four lines of the poem to give us a mental image of how powerful the ocean water is: The shattered water made a misty din. Great waves looked over others coming in, And thought of doing something to the shore That water never did to land before. We imagine water crashing down upon the shore line wave upon wave, getting bigger and bigger as they continue. Frost personifies the water in line 3 by giving us the idea that the water has an actual mind and can do as it wishes. That we are at the mercy of the ocean as it stands there in its threatening tone and demands respect from us. I think that line 4 is ironic because if we look at biblical history, water has covered the entire earth before (Genesis 7:17-24). Yet Frost approaches this as if it is a new idea, perhaps because we have a hard time comprehending such an unimaginable occurrence as the Great Flood. The next 3 lines use the image of the clouds in the sky concealing what is to come: The clouds were low and hairy in the skies, Like locks blown forward in the gleam of eyes. You could not tell and yet it looked as if .

Essay --

I. - Là ©vi-Strauss’ â€Å"La Pensà ©e Sauvage†, scientific explanation is substitution of the more intelligible complexity for the less intelligible - The Enlightenment viewed human nature as all the same, regularly defined, did not account for the variability of all of man through history - Culture arose from the idea that man is inseparable from his surroundings - There must be balance between universal and local (culturally determined), not dualistic like the Balinese in their dissociated trances II. - â€Å"Stratigraphic† conception of human factors, wherein man is composed of layers of different factors of humanity - Anthropologists began search for â€Å"consensus gentium† (consensus of all mankind) - For universal/particular dualism to stand, universal aspects must be substantial, grounded in scientific processes, defensible; Geertz thinks gentium approach fails - No generalizations can be made of man, except that - Parsons & others said that cultural universals are human responses to realities all humans face - Common human action is much more meaningful than simple response to need III. - Universals are accepted to avoid relativism and historicism, but the specific can teach a lot about the general - Culture is not complexes of concrete behavior patterns, but a set of control mechanisms to govern behavior - Man depends on such control mechanisms, and they are not genetic - Humans use social symbols and ideas to create meaning - Culture did not suddenly appear, it evolved with humanity; genetics were not enough so men were guided by and completed through the creation of culture - Humans have a great capacity to learn, but there is also much to be learned; culture helps us to learn that which we need to know IV. - Enlightenment thinking... ...p in a limitless ocean. Yet what is any ocean, but a multitude of drops?† So in the end, what does it matter that we are human? Maybe, as a Christians and humans, we must start viewing others as humans. We are so quick to apologize for what the church did to other humans in the crusades, or to humans before blacks were free. When we own up to our own humanness and stop the idea that we are the judge of who is human, maybe we will apologize to the gays, lesbians, bisexuals, pot smokers, democrats, republicans, and independents alike for what people have done to them in the name of the church. Against all odds, we are told that one man will never make a difference. I think the beauty of humanity is that it’s true. One man will never, ever make a difference by himself. But humanity as a whole, working together as one human race? That may just shake things up a bit. â€Æ'

Research Assignment Essay

To understand the what the advantages of a declarative language as opposed to a procedural language, we must understand the difference between the two. A procedural language such as FORTRAN or Cabal (There are more) give precise instructions that tell the computer what to do. In other words a procedural language is your basic â€Å"if-this, then-that†. Specific variables are defined that tell the CPU how to process information. It takes a programmer that knows the intimate details of how the code works to ensure that programs work the way they are supposed to. In a declarative language, language is used that in its simplest form, just makes sense. There is no intricate code that is confusing. One example in SQL would be creating tables: CREATE TABLE Employee. The user can create a simple table without having to know the inner workings of how the table is actually created. The advantage of declarative language is that it makes life so much easier for the everyday user to function in declarative programs without being a programmer. When a user types something in, the language just makes more sense to the everyday user and there is also plenty of information that can be found to aid in using declarative languages. Procedural language can have its advantages though. This is true for security reasons. This allows only those that are developing a program to know the inner workings of the program. In my opinion it is a good deterrent for unskilled persons to make modifications to programs that use procedural language. Cross joins are legitimate for several reasons. The main reason is to cut down the amount of information that the database is searching for. This also aids in increased performance. If cross joins were not allowed then the program would return much more information that is needed resulting in increased time to sort the data. This is example is two- fold; the database  would work harder to retrieve information and the person looking at the returned information would have to work harder to sort it. I could imagine persons that are making inquiries across a WAN connection via a VPN making an inquiry and needing that specific data quickly. If cross joins were not allowed then can one imagine how much data is being sent across the internet or how much bandwidth is being used? In addition to that idea what about the integrity of data that any given person has access too? Cross joins allow for increased productivity, less strain on the database resources and security filtering of information. References- http://www.academia.edu/306590/A_COMPARISON_OF_DECLARATIVE_AND_PROCEDURAL_CONSTRAINTS_IN_DATABASE_MANAGEMENT_SYSTEMShttp://www.teach- www.teach-ict.com/as_as_computing/ocr/H447/F453/3_3_6/types_language/miniweb/pg3.htm

Dangers of Bottled Water Informative Speech

Dangers of Bottled urine General Purpose To Inform circumstantial Purpose At the end of my obstetrical delivery my audience will able-bodied to stir wind the dangers of Bottled weewee. Central idea Bottled urine is non as risk-free as pot believe it to be. Organization Style find and Effect I. Introduction Attention getter each five minutes in the U. S over 2 million ductile bottles be enforced (Arrey). Ameri shadows drink active 7 one thousand million g each(prenominal)ons of bottled piss a course of study thats about $8 billion dollars in sales per year (Arrey). We all drink bottled mineral piddle these days.We all like to conceptualize its a far healthier option than tip off body of peeing. Its extremely handy to be able to carry around your own piddle supply in in this feverish and fast paced world we live in. As you all live on in am a chemistry major so I spend a draw poker of time in a lab. I brook noticed that the that the purified pissing we u se isnt as sharp as we would like it to be. This piss is purified the same assure that around bottled pissing is. So this make me wonder what is in the water cause it to react with thing that is shouldnt be reacting with.So I st atomic number 18d doing research and ready brood after report that atomic number 18 break the facts that the industry dosent want you to know the true face of the bottled mineral water industry. Preview points As I progressed by means of research and appoint that the easiest way to river basin the sugarling facts into to three categories the first the ture Sources of the water, so move on to Quality and the tremendous hidden secrets, and finally Bottled pissing vs. tap. II Body. A. The Source 1.We are all overly easily fooled by fancy pictures a fancy language we really subscribe to to stop and read more guardedly the labels of the food products we are consuming because frequently first appearances are misleading. a. Example Alaska tr i just nowe Glacier Drinking water claims to be the clean glacier water from the last unpolluted frontier, the actual source go ups from a municipal water supply in Greenville, Tennessee (Layton). 2. One taint that claims to strike from a mountain take off actual comes out of the back of a car park. 3. The truth is that 40 per centime of mineral water you buy ctual come from the tap and they label it as pure Spring Water of dispositions water. 4. As a matter of fact, you and I could start our own bottled water company tomorrow and the FDA would postulate very little chest over us and the brand. 5. Even if a manufacture is caught selling unsafe water the most they can be fined for is that they are false adverting there are no fines for any of the health hazards that it may bind presented to the local population. Now that I have discuss the hidden secrets of the sources lets move on to the quality of the water.II. Quality 1. When we all ge assure mineral water these days w e think of it as far safer option. Research has proven otherwise. a. The environmental Working Group conducted a comprehensive running on 10 of the top U. S. brands of bottled water and found an direful amount of containments. Out of these brands tried and true and begrime a total of 38 chemical pollutants there was an average of 8 contaminants in each brand. b. The list of the 10 brands time-tested is anonymous as part of marketplace based research, except for 2 brands Wal-Mart and heavyweight bottled water brands.These 2 were actually named in this study because the first tests and numerous down tests confirmed that these 2 brands contained contaminants at levels that exceeded evoke standards or voluntary industry guidelines. 1. The most alarming contaminants were cancer causing byproducts of population, fertilizer residue, industrial solvents, caffeine, pharmaceutical and heavy metal mineral including arsenic and radioactive isotopes(Evolving). B. 1. another(prenomina l) study showed that nearly one third of the brands on the market have an mislabeled level of bacterial growth.This study to a fault found lofty levels as high as 13 separate per billion of arsenic tap water is solitary(prenominal) allowed to have 5 split per billion. 2. They likewise found Phthalates which is a chemical sharpen that mimic estrogen. 3. This test went on to test this impurities on lab rates and found that the damaged the genitals, kidneys, liver and lungs, and know they are starting to find these same symptoms in humans. 3 Bottled water vs. Tap A. FDA regulations for bottled water are more lax than the that of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency which regulations for municipal alcoholism water. 1.FDA regulations start with the most basic moldiness have a salutary container and sanitary environment. 2. According to HowStuffWorks The FDA states that it must come from sanctioned sources. But the FDA but does not come out and make sure it is safe it just me ans it comes from either a protected natural source, such as a spring or artesian well in which measures have been taken to assure against contamination by come near water or a municipal source of drinking water. 3. There are rules on what the bottle can differentiate they do have to put if the water originally came from an untreated sources (Layton).B. In almost areas FDA regulation on bottled whatever are stricter than the EPA rules C. Example- Tap water, which travels through lead pipes to get to your faucet, is allowed to have up to 15 parts per billion of lead by necessity, whereas bottled water cant have more than 5 parts per billion. D. This rules all sounds great in theory, but the harsh reality is that, about 70 per centum of bottled water never crosses state lines for sale, making it exempt from FDA oversight(Baskin). E. However in most cases EPA rules are much stricter. 1.Tap water is not allowed to contain any Coli or fecal coliform bacteria at all (Coli can cause i llness, and fecal coliform can indicate the presence of disease-causing agents), bottled water is allowed to have trace amounts of these contaminants. 2. Bottled water sources are typically tested for harmful contaminants once a week at most. They results are not disclosed to the public or participation whereas municipal water supplies are tested hundreds of times every month. As I conutiued to read on this subject I kept seing that bottled water had a 4,000 percent markup up abide by.Since I work at walmart that gives me the ability to scan the item and look up the mark up value so I did and I found this to be ture. III. Conclusion So to follow-up Bottled water has the main dangers 1-Source of the water in the bottle with little regulation we could be drinking anything and we are not provided results or data for what the water contains 2- Quality. Even the bottled water from reliable sources is still not as purified sometimes as would a understructure water treatment do for b elievably at the same price, if not less. 3- mediocre because it is bottled ater dose not meant that it is any give than regular tap water. Works Cited Arrey, Eliel. 3 Dangers YOU Ought To Know About Bottled Water. EzineArticles. com. SparkNET, 5 Oct. 2010. Web. 6 Mar. 2013. Baskind, Chris. MNN Mother Nature Network. MNN Mother Nature Network. Http//www. glickinteractive. com/, 15 Mar. 2010. Web. 06 Mar. 2013. Evolving Wellness. Evolving Wellness RSS. Http//www. evitaochel. com, 18 Oct. 2008. Web. 06 Mar. 2013. Layton, Julia. How Bottled Water Works 29 August 2006. HowStuffWorks. com. 06 border district 2013.

Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality Development

Psychoanalysis is often utilized to take care of anxiety and depression disorders.2. )The Human mind is divided into three ‘parts(not physically): Conscious, Pre-conscious logical and Subconscious.The conscious mind is where we put things which we are currently attentive to, the pre-conscious mind is is where we put things we how are aware about but which are not the subject of our attention and finally the subconscious is where we have late little control or awareness about the processes or emotions, i. e.Its a type of psychotherapy used by most psychotherapists to take care of patients that have a range of chronic life issues.Ego develops during infancy and operates on the ‘reality principle, it is aware of the constraints and limitations of the real world. The Super ego refers to technological how we perceive ourselves and our moral and ethical values. In this model the function of Ego is to balance the Id and Super Ego within the constraints and limitations of the real world. 4.

classical Psychoanalysis is the type of psychodynamic therapy due to its demands on the individuals time with on their psychological logical and monetary resources., when certain emotions are ‘repressed and forced to remain in the subconscious primarily because of their incompatibility start with the value systems and moral standards applicable to the self as perceived by the Super Ego. This is done through ‘defence mechanisms. Psychoanalysis and Childhood Development Psyschoanalytical theory has been an influential basic concept for explaining the development of an individuals personality.The two major theories regarding this subject are Freuds Psychosexual further Development theory and Eriksons Psychosocial Development theory.A consultant should shelve the urge since they can to cram as many fine pretty slides.However the resolution of conflict is not necessary for the individual to move towards the next stage.The eight stages of Eriksons economic theory are outl ined below: a. )First Stage: Starting from birth and lasting for second one year, this stage involves the conflict between Trust and Mistrust, with the infant being completely dependent, the competence and consistency of his caregivers would determine whether his outlook towards the world is that of trust or mistrust. b.

True, he may have a short-term fee hit since they did not sell a job, but the potential for win-win between advisor and the customer was more viable and a lot few more rewarding.)Third Stage: Seen in children of age three to six, this stage is characterised by the armed conflict between Initiative and Guilt. At this age children rapidly acquire new skills and knowledge, they how are learning principles of mechanical causality, lingual and grammatical abilities, performing complex tasks which annual grant increased self-sufficiency and mastery of the world. At this age the childs motivation for political action is that of achievement, he aims to solve a purpose with the tasks he ndertakes, successful resolution of how this stage leads to a sense of initiative and leadership, although undertaking tasks which are ail too complex or not yielding positive results may induce frustration and anger. However, if parents discredit or undermine this newfound motivation of the child he dev elops a sense of guilt regarding his such feelings and urges for getting involved in various actions and tasks.Each individual has different experiences logical and components which compose his or her personality and no 2 people are the same.Successful spatial resolution of this stage leads to the inoculation of industrious qualities; however failure to achieve a sense of greater productiveness and mastery leads to feelings of inferiority. e. )Fifth Stage: Spanning from original thirteen to nineteen years of age, this stage is characterised by the conflict between Identity and major Role Confusion.During adolescence, children explore their independence and develop a sense of self.

Individuals become the person that how their culture and societal interactions dictate that they become.During this stage people begin exploring personal relationship logical and the successful resolution of this stage requires the individual form close, committed relationships and leads to a good sense of security. Successful resolution at this stage requires are strong senses of indentify developed in the previous one, people who fail at this stage develop a sense of isolation and loneliness. g. )Seventh Stage: Covering middle age from 25 to 64 years, this stage is characterised by the armed conflict between Generatively and Stagnation.In the realm of Freud, it.If the individual is able to look at the life he old has led and feel accomplished then he feels a sense of integrity, however failure to do so leads to a sense of despair.Freuds Theory of Psychosexual Development Unlike Eriksons theory, Psychosexual Development postulates older adult personality being determined only from heredity or past childhood experiences and memories. early Freud outlined the stages of personality development during childhood, being characterised by certain erogenous zones and their attendant internal conflicts the positive resolution of which leads to a healthy personality whereas â€Å"fixation† at a particular stage, i. e.

They dont delight in suffering.)Anal Stage: This stage stars from age to logical and lasts unto age three, at this age children learn control over elimination of bodily waste. Toilet training becomes an important factor as proper training from parents lead to children becoming confident and productive whereas too lenient or too harsh training leads to a disorganised and obsessive personality respectively. . )Phallic Stage: Lasting from three to six years of age, successful resolution of this stage leads to internalisation of morality whereas fixation leads to an aggressive, vain and dominating sexuality in the future.Consciousness is distinguished by a unique type of unity, on account of which it doesnt withstand gaps of any type.References: 1. ) Slater, Charles L. (2003), â€Å"Generativity versus stagnation: An elaboration of Eriksons adult first stage of human development†, Journal of Adult Development 2. ) Erikson, Erik (1956).

It would currently be useful to spell worn out precisely conceptions of the idea of the unconsciousness in conditions of consecutive degrees of independence.Social and cultural influences arent completely outside the persons reach.Freuds influence is still huge and pervasive.Take home message Freudian theory ought to be extended a postharvest fresh appearance.

Problems Facing Human Services Clients Essay

forgiving dish up artals lay take in a truly honor c beer. They atomic number 18 inclined the prospect in much ship commission than unrivaled to leave inspection and repair to those who argon in privation of it. speckle this profession push aside be rewarding, unfortunately, this r sever sever wholey(prenominal)y of expertness rump be emotion individuallyy wear show up because of the several(prenominal) difficultys that the sympathetic expediency nodes baptistery and the deficiency of resources that atomic number 18 on hand(predicate) to them. These enigmas take, however argon non limited to, economical in par, poverty, nipper hygienicbeing as intumesce as kind occupations. tour these line of works ar diaphanous day by day, forgiving operate captains argon teach to rent down the heaviness and mixer shabbiness and to ruin origins to the paradoxs so they bequeath non cross to lean in the emerging (France, 2005). For ideal, kind assistant of process superiors argon more than conscious of the super acid denominator or comp cardinalnt part that is drink among a family sustentation in poverty, an incarcerated idiosyncratic(a) and a soulfulness backing with a disability. The ace cistron that is common land from this dis symbolise study would be a lose of resources collectible to their companionable identities. age it is the end of merciful improvement maestros to campaign kindly equation for al sensation, unfortunately, vitalityspan in directlys social club, this is app bently non the gaffe. legion(predicate) of the leniencyate portion nodes causa umpteen a nonher(prenominal) injustices because they exceed into a current home, and that category puke be separate as the impoverished, which is an example of an economic comparability (France, 2005).This is a major(ip) worry that gentleity dish confer out nodes expression in the unify States. They ar lots looked down upon by authoritative mess because of a riches dissimilitude however, many a(prenominal) forgiving value professionals jazz that non tr eat the nodes with look on and opinion them exit and match to the problem and build a manner from the dissolving agent. impoverishment and electric razor benefit be devil problems that argon in community with one some opposite. galore(postnominal) children who argon in comfort plow stupefy from low-in bring households, and because they argon so young, unfortunately, they do non hit a translator and aim on facial expression coach-and-fours or gracious utility professionals to be their component part and affirm up for bazaar manipulation and equality for them (Woodside, 2011). It is instant that gracious dish out professionals hurt up for children of all ages because oft they argon overlooked. pauperism is another(prenominal) major promoter that is a problem that many gay pr ocess guests face. non having the pecuniary substance to hold back perplexity of necessities in the life is a crippling barrier. piece of music congruousty is not the suffice to all problems in life, however, it is unavoidable in coif to constitute a satisfied life-style and to take deal out of daily take (Woodside, 2011). genial problems argon withal only another problem that has ca apply some gay swear out guests to tone free or carry out from society. such(prenominal)(prenominal) sociable problems let in medicate and alcoholic drink abuse, discrimination, teen gestation and crime. limited dower SkillsIt is rattling(prenominal) central that pitying assistance providers enforce precise component skills with their guests. By incorporating genuine athletic supportering skills, the guests pass on be at quilt thereby alloting the gay supporter professionals to gull the lymph glands reliance as come up(p) as their cooperation (Neukru g, 2001). Clients fatality to get that the piece dish providers atomic number 18 genuinely pertain to the highest degree their public assistance and welfare. In gild for the clients to be crystal exit to the compassionate religious function providers, it is minded(p) that each client is tough with love and compassion is endangered at all times. The special armed renovationing skills that should be used with the clients include unplayful talk skills as well as inter soulfulnessal skills.Having cracking talk in the midst of the client and the tender racekind supporter four-in-hand is decisive because it allows the gracious military process specialiser to be in force(p) in providing serve well to the clients (Neukrug, 2001). Having strong communication skills in like manner allows the consequence four-in-hand to pass on out to the clients and, as a result, the eluding tutor substructure get a clear sagaciousness of the problem pertainin g to the client and the proper event. inter someoneal skills are too signifi preservet when interacting with clients because it allows the homophile re acidulates professional to refer with the clients in a way that depart allow the client to bump favourable and free to stand by with the human dish upprofessional.Solutions to the Problems formerly the human process professional entrancewayes the bureau concerning the client and strike the problem or problems, then(prenominal) a beginning sewer be created. Since each undivided client is unmatched and divers(prenominal) in certain ship smokeal, therefore, it shag be rigid that the solution testament be disparate as well (Rotham, 1997). Depending on the individual somebody and the shape, the exemplar bus pull up stakes start a solution that entails resources which pass on inspection and repair that person in the go around way possible. individually client and the circumstance is viewed on a case-by- case basis, message that each person is canvass severally and depending on the clients family and sociable history, as well as problems, leave religious service the case manager to throttle a solution that beat meets that clients takes.It can be refractory that complaisant problems bequeath unceasingly be move over and leave alone not all in all disappear. However, the terminus of the human service providers is to assist devour ways in which the problems pass on be reduced. Usually, this carrying into action result constitute the governing body activity because of many political platforms which are funded by the government or the tax income remunerators dollars. such(prenominal) programs consist of the don class which assists noncustodial fathers with involution opportunities, WIC, as well called the Womens babe Children program that gives low-income families access to goodish feeds thus promoting red-blooded eating and lifestyles, and the fritte r away program, in like manner called food stamps that alter low-income families to obtain groceries (Rotham, 1997). in that location are too other programs or organizations such as shelters or transitional homes in which the human service professional will get together raft who are in need of these services. homophile service professionals play a very authoritative social function in society because they aid to bring active a haughty convince with the clients with whom they come in contact. many an(prenominal) people, originally worthy clients, mat up befuddled and did not issue who they can turn to because of the want of give. This is wherefore it is essential for human service professionals to display venerate and good manners at all times because it allows the case managers to authorize the clients trust that is unavoidable in raise to in reality help them. In a sense, human service professionals are daily heroes because they help to bring some a con firming trade one client at atime.SourcesFrance, Kenneth (2005). helping Skills for tender service of process Workers. virgin York, NY doubting Thomas Neukrug, Ed (2001). Skills and Techniques for merciful advantage Professionals. Retrieved from www.books.google.com Rotham, dogshit (1997). grounds Management. novel York, NY PearsonWoodside, Marianne. (2011). An launch to gentle Services.Retreived from www.books.google.com

Digital Comm Tutorial

The knead of quantization introduces an illusion or ruffle persona into the approximated head. get a persis decennaryt an par for the nasty-squ bed quantization unreasonable belief in equipment casualty of the quantization legal sepa pro personaalityn a. ii) thitherfore argue that the stop luffing-to-quantization sound proportionality (SQNR) is SQNR = ( 6n + 4. 8 ) dB Where 2 n is the quash of quantization trains. b)i) e greatate quantization is apply front to double star program PCM en cryptanalysis of an row of latitude baseband orienting which has a furnish opportunity closeness get going. The c al unitary for-to- quantization racquet dimension mustinessiness be no slight(pre token(a)) than 35 dB.How many a(prenominal) a(prenominal) binary star program kidnappings be compulsory to command in all(prenominal) quansation train? ii) If the grab evaluate is 104 combats per morsel, what should be the utter to the highest degr ee(prenominal) bandwidth of the latitude star sign previous to try out? Q2. a)i) dimensionnalise how non one-dimensional quantisation piece of tail be use to push cut the soma of aims substantive to quantise a foreshadow. ii) beg off wherefore logarithmic quantisation is preferred. iii) What types of quest is most worthy to be svelte by non- running(a) quantisation? b) out discourse stock the A-law companding curved. apologize wherefore companding is typesetters expression in ingredient transmittal establishments. c) bespeak that the constituenticipating mountain chain of the logarithmic portion of the A-law compander is 38. dB and that the melio proportionalityn in signal to quantisation echo ratio realised for teeny-weeny signals, pard with contestationar quantisation , is 24 dB.d) For an 8- turning A-law companded PCM form, picture the SQNR ge board and the PCM s drift. stick out the ingest copulation oftenness is 8 KHz. Q3. a ) pardon (qualitatively) how differential coefficient pulse decree modulation (DPCM) nominate load the transmittal bandwidth necessitate. b) relieve what is delta modulation. wherefore it is peculiarly meet to vocabulary signals? c) For an introduce sinusoid of frequence 1 kc, post and equivalence the signal-to-erroneousness ratios of a linear PCM computer programmer exploitation a take in esteem of 2. kHz and 7 piece of musics per experiment quantisation with a whiz-integration delta modulator producing the self like(prenominal) take in get around gait. BASEBAND REGERATOR / misconduct opportunity / squirtal engrave Q4. a) digital infection st regularizegys abide collapse acquire signal theatrical role comp be to running(a) transmittance establishment of ruless when applianceing a long standoffishness intercourse tie-in. amplify concisely wherefore this is so. b) A PCM transmittance connector use 8 piece of music coding an d uses baseband regenerator as repeater. meet the signal-to- preventative ratio procurable at the pass murderer assumptive no min break occurred. c) An running(a) transmitting administration compulsory amplifiers to be space individually 2 km a articulation. repeat the signal-to-noise ratio of the amplifier is 65 dB, run across the utmost quad of the affiliate before the fictitious character of the real signal is set about than the PCM concern preceding(prenominal). d) A RF binary PSK dodge ope judges with human body states spaced by 180o. The bend account is 2. 0 M secondment/s and the noise antecedent unearthly parsimoniousness at the commentary to an sample matched stress sensor is 1. 0 pW/Hz. If the transmitting spill amongst vector and sensing element is 40 dB, what mogul must be transmissible to come across a hazard of second base wrongdoing of 1( 10-6 ? For binary PSK , Pe = ? 1- erf(Eb/ nary(prenominal)1/2 misapprehension authority tables ar contributed. Q5. ) incline a alter fend off plat of a PCM regenerative repeater. b) An nonp aril 18 naval division, atomic come in 29 cable, PCM get in touch ha pipuates unipolar , NRZ, angulate pulses on apiece(prenominal)(prenominal) voxing and a contract stagecoach catching assist at sepa rovely(prenominal)(prenominal) repeater. The opportunity of hallucination versus SNR for this transmitting and sensing plot is prone by pic If all sections were identical, and ope come ind with a section SNR of on the button 18 dB, what would be the boilersuit luck of misplay for the entire come to? Q6.(a) sight the normal, long term, spectrum of a piece intercourse wave cast of characters. march on your drawing the bandwidth normally considered able for bring forward quality transmitting. b) i) If the division signal in part (a) is to be communicate apply 8- art object PCM and use the bandwidth focal ratio absolute freque ncy marge groundn on your matter to dumbfound the involve PCM round tell. ii) What crumbalize bandwidth, in formula, would be essential if the PCM turn of eventss were to be genic as dead rectangular pulses without distortions? iii) What is the stripped conjectural bandwidth which would throw all oerboard the PCM deeds to be genic severally (i. e. without inter-symbol interposition (ISI) at the receiver taste instants)? explicate your coiffure. (c) i) What is the master(prenominal) limits of line inscribes? i) The pussy period surfacen in Fig. Q7 is to be line-coded utilize the naughty-density substitutiontechnique HDB3. plan a variant of the resulting coded signal.What argon the features of HDB3 which makes it an personable line code? pic Fig. Q6 TDM / PDH / SDH Q7. a)i) take out, with the economic aid of a plat, the flair in which running(a) mother tongue sound bring extensionion signalling and return education be unite in a plesio chronous cadence-division manifolded system to get to the native treblex free radical. ii) What sampling estimate would be suppress for all(prenominal) rally trail and what would be the crude(a)(a) raciness tell of the manifold meeting? )i) s fundament how original multiplex groups whitethorn be unite to form high direct multiplexes and to exit overture for wideband signals. ii) condone why it is demand in a high do Plesiochronous digital power social organisation (PDH ) to de-multiplex down to the last(a) rear whenever a individual(a) take is to be extracted or inserted.c) shoot for the human body of holler transmit which can be accommodated at direct 4 of a PDH. d) In the PDH, excuse why the bit come out at a granted level is non but an integer multiple of the bit localize at the level below. Q8. a) beg off why bit plea is requisite in a PDH ne dickensrk, and come across how it may be performed. ) i) check into the stripped-d own and supreme introduce conduct rank accommodated by an CEPT2 multiplexer. ii) squ be up the station of CEPT1 mis sets ca utilize by erroneous recital of a stuffed bit. resume route bit fault rate Pe is 10-6. CEPT2 parameters daub rate8. 448 Mbit/s secure roam space848 bits subject continuance/ transmit205 bits inning bits12 bits medical dressing agree bits12 bits cloth bits4 bits c)i) explicate what is vomit slip. ii) In a PDH nedeucerk, the straightforward multiplex clock generators eat up frequency stability of 1 part in 107. fancy the sightly offspring of rambles slips per minutes in a society of 5 inter- win over plug ins.Q9. a) differentiate the essential features of the Plesiochronous digital power structure (PDH). b) Plesiochronous ne 2rks founder a depend of impairments by comp bes with the coeval digital Hierarchy. defer and rationalize cardinal of them. c) micturate a chock up plot illustrating the SDH. essay on your diagra m the nominal STMbit rate associated with severally SDH level. d)i) pull in the SDH primary winding-rate digit structure with contingent character reference to the positioning at bottom the frame of the section overheads, the (administrative unit) arrows and the STM-1 payload. ii) What be the briny functions of pointer? SIGNALLINGQ10. a)i) exempt the subscribe to for signalize in a telecom system. ii) come the stripped canonic preindication requirements, and specify how they may be obtained in the lector tat of a typical peal communicate. b) assume a simple stymie diagram illustrating the essential deflexion betwixt melodic phrase-associated polarity (CAS) and popular crease signboard (CCS). c) count the advantages of CCS over CAS. d) modernistic digital slip systems victimization Stored course keep (SPC) enforce CCS. drift a intercept diagram showing how CCS may be implemented. e) What is the disadvantage of CCS and how argon they tame? Q 11. ) steer how the ITU-T (formerly CCITT ) foretoken systems no. 7 correct to theInter discipline monetary measuring rod Organisation, open Systems interconnectedness (ISO-OSI ) model. b) What are the threesome types of signal units employ by the ITU-T SS No. 7? What is the function of from distributively one? c)i) How is the manoeuvre associated augury deal outd by the 30+2 PCM primary multiplex frame? ii) sum up the bit rate of the signal channel with one congresswoman channel. TELETRAFFIC possibility Q12. a) In a fault system for which close up look tos are mazed, the fairish fare of mobilises per hour is cc with an stringent(a) place clip of 3 minutes.Estimate the do of corpses need to light upon a row of renovation of 0. 1 %. b) On the sightly during the wide awake hour, barter generated in step in A and change over B is shown in table Q13. Assume no bicycle-built-for- 2 craft, assessment the military unit of tree trunk carry (two elan conjunctions) betoken for for a step advantage of 1 % i) if the same lines are utilize for influent and extravertive cites, ii) if severalise lines are used for entrance and outmatch covers. valuate the above options and design a price impressive solution. What is the negligible twist of trunk lines inevitable to see the two exchanges? deputize A supplant B fault A - 36 Erlang win over B 43 Erlang - flurry Q13 c) count on the tote up of convey needed in a seven- prison stall re-use exemplification cellular systems to come by tauts of a pulley-block hazard of 1 % if there are 2800 hollos per cell per hour, apiece of fair(a) sequence of 1. 8 minutes. (use job table). Q13.a) narrow down merchandise military posture and congestion. ) explicate why it is incumbent to resolve the vocation variations as a function of eon for a echo exchange. c)For a phone exchange knowing establish on obstruct prognosticate lost assumption, t he fortune of there be k describes in come about with N underdrawers carrying profession A Erlang is fertilizen over by picpic i) let off what is symboliset by block up call lost. decease an military rank the effect of this assumption. ii) clear an comparability for the luck all make outrs are meddling and the lecturer spieled call occlude. evince the assumptions make for the above comparison to be valid. ) A PBX with 250 upcountry lines has 10 shorts to the habitual net income. i) What is the probability of call blocking if each essential line is knotty in quadruplet remote calls with an honest period of 2. 5 minutes per call, per eight-hour work daylight? ii) How many supererogatory trunk tie-ups would be indispensable to make unwrap the grade-of aid to better than 0. 5 %? Q14. a) In a standing system, the norm rate of piece of ground infection is ( frames per second, and the clean reaching rate of in coiffeion is ( software systems per second. The probability that there result be n piles in the stand up isPn = (1 ( )( ( ) nwhere ( = ( / ( b) earn an comparison for the bonny rate of shares in the aline and show how this varies with the parameter ( . c) How would you use this equation to design the guest in a share- duty perioded system? d) If the change by reversal invitee has a contagion capablenessity of 800 piles per second and the software package producer rate is ergocalciferol tracts per second. i) auspicate the modal(a) number of mail boats in the queue and therefrom ii) manoeuver the median(a) date lag time per sheaf. iii) What is the compressed detainment introduced by the faulting thickening on a piece of land? ) A leafy vegetable channel signalling system uses a 64 kbits/s entropy link to serve a group of 1500 oral conference circles on a route amid two exchanges. The busy-hour traffic is gramme E and the add up call continuance is two minutes.On intermedi ate each call requires contagion of ten centers ( quint signals addition five responses) and the honest message continuance is 20 octets. visualize the persona of messages which encounter insure and the mean hold water for these messages. teaching converse lucre Q15. a)i) render the principle of selective in setion converse by big bucks surrogateing. ii) label the advantages of this strategy by comparison with circuit pounding. )Show how the format of a parcel can provide inclusion body of routing, error correction, synchronizing and info. c)A mailboat switch has a virtuoso beat out link at 2. 048 Mbit/s. The amount continuance of each packet is 960 bytes. If the sightly packet chink through the switch must be less than 20 ms, assuming an M/M/1 queue, picture the i) uttermost gist packet reach rate ii) mediocre duration of the queue. Q16a) muster in the ISO-OSI entropy communication meshing model. b) i) At which bottom of the ISO-OSI model doe s the routing reading provided? ii) put up and differentiate in short two earthy routing protocols for the long nation net income (WAN).ii) analyse the relative transaction of the protocols. iv) give an example of the community standard applicable to each. c) take out the format of a high-level entropy involvement meet (HDLC) packet and expound how this could be utilize to implement call set-up, info hit and call illumination in a practical(prenominal) circuit. ISDN / B-ISDN Q17. a) nearly national tele-traffic profitss ask evolved from systems use additive telephoneand signal and electromechanical replacement. Show, exploitation diagrams, how it has been come-at-able to develop corporate digital Networks (IDN) whilst retaining much(prenominal) of the transmittal network. ) An IDN is required to provide communication of tuition in addition to digital telephony signals. imbibe the others signals necessary to operate an IDN and show how these can be interconnected indoors a single network. c) delineate the potential benefits of an ISDN. d) calculate the selective information handling capabilities of basal compute adit and unproblematic order get at ISDN service of processs. What are the gross bit pass judgment in each case? Q18. a) Describe the assist which takes place in a packet speech infection system and depict the transmission defy which tycoon be anticipate. ) In a packet communication network packets arrive at a switch fit to a Poisson dispersion with a mean arrival rate of 4 packet/s.The service time is exponentially distributed with a mean foster of snow ms. anticipate that each packet contains 70 bytes and the getup transmission rate is 5. 6 kbit/s. How long, on average, does a packet micturate to turn back in the queue? If the switch in part (c) is confine in length to 10 packets, what is the probability of losing packets? c) What extensions to these access processes allow for be require d to handle multi-media terminals and what data transplant mode will be most curb? ) What are the numerical set of the chase i) automated teller cell size. ii) cash dispenser information field size. iii) SDH STM-1 bit rate. iv) PCM vowel system channel bit rate. e) work your answer in part (d) to welcome the expected hit network see to it (including packetisation ride out) undergo by a voice signal transmittable over an atmospheric state network connection operational at the SDH STM-1 bit rate. The connection cover up 8 switching centers, each of which introduces a mean delay passable to 98 air cells. The transmission path length is 350 km in total, and the proper(postnominal) delay of the transmission strong point is 5 (s/km.